There are following main difference between SharePoint 2010 and SharePoint 2013.
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Features
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SharePoint 2010
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SharePoint 2013
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Social and Collaboration Features
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SharePoint 2010 is very few social capabilities
1-My sites
2-Tag and Tag Profile Pages
3-Notes
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SharePoint 2013 Added arefollowing new features
1-Intrective feed
2-Comunitive site
3-follow people
4-follows people
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Search Features
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SharePoint 2010 had Introduced Integrated FAST search as an Enterprise search. In addition to this build-in SharePoint search is still widely used in companies.
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SharePoint 2013 includes several enhancements, custom content processing with the Content Enrichment web service, and a new framework for presenting search result types. Some of the features added are
1- Consolidated Search Results
2-Keyword query language (KQL) enhancements
3- Rich Results Framework.
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Enterprise Content Management (ECM) – Features
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SharePoint 2010 had not managed Navigation and Cross-site Publishing. SharePoint designer was a primary tool to modify Master pages instead of the new Design Manager.
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SharePoint 2013 added some of the best capabilities of an Enterprise Content Management. There are added following feature
Design Manager
Managed Navigation
Cross-site Publishing
EDiscovery
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Development Changes Features
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1-Sharepoint 2010 used Sandbox solutions to help developers deploy code without effected whole farm.
2-In SharePoint 2010 you could use Server Object model and Client Object model (.Net Managed, ECMASCRIPT and Silverlight) to extract data from SharePoint.
3-In SharePoint 2010 developers were also developing Farm solutions as they did with the previous SharePoint 2007 version
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1-In SharePoint 2013 Microsoft Introduced a new Cloud App Model for designing Apps for SharePoint. Apps for SharePoint are self-contained pieces of functionality that extend the capabilities of a SharePoint website. We can use HTML, CSS, JavaScript and protocols like the Open Data protocol (OData), and OAuth to communicate with SharePoint using Apps.
2- SharePoint 2013 has Introduced new Tools for App development. Visual Studio 2012 now lets you develop apps for SharePoint and apps for Office. In addition a new web-based tools called “Napa” Office 365 Development Tools were introduced for developing apps.
3-No more Sandbox solutions. SharePoint 2013 sandboxed solutions are deprecated. So all we got is the New App model and the Old SharePoint Farm solutions
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